This article introduces the concepts of good communication and discusses some of the common barriers to communication. Future articles will address what is good listening and constructive assertion, and how to do each effectively.

Good communication skills are mutual respect skills. Ideally, each person will show respect for the other as well as respect for self. You show respect for the other person by listening fully and demonstrating that you "get" what that person means; and you respect yourself when you assert or "give" your own legitimate self-interest without aggression. To have a complete communication, each person must both "get" and "give."

Let us look at some of the conversational bad habits which often interfere with full and complete communication. Anything which blocks the meaning of a communication is a barrier to communication. These usually fall into one of three categories: judging, sending solutions or avoiding the other person's concerns. Some common examples follow:

CRITICIZING "Well, you brought that on yourself."

NAME-CALLING "You bullheaded, stupid jerk."

DIAGNOSING "You are only saying that because you feel guilty."

All of these responses judge the other person and therefore impose the speaker's point of view. The other person will often feel misunderstood and unsafe, and is more likely to react in a defensive or self-protective manner.

ORDERING "Go fix that right now."

THREATENING "If you don't agree to these terms, I will sue you."

MORALIZING "You ought to apologize to her."

EXCESSIVE/APPROPRIATE QUESTIONING "When did it happen?" "Are you sorry?"

ADVISING "If I were you, this is what I would do..."

Each of the above are attempts to solve the other person's problem. They are variously direct, manipulative, self-righteous or coercive. Even when caringly intended, the solution is often proffered without a full understanding of the problem. Such responses may make the problem worse, or create a new issue without resolving the original problem. They also demean the other person's capacity to handle his or her own problems, and are likely to foster anxiety and resentment.

DIVERTING "If you think that's bad, let me tell you what happened to me."

LOGICAL ARGUMENT "If you leave your keys in the car, you can expect someone to steal it."

REASSURING "You have the tools to handle this. You'll get over it."

The last three responses avoid the other person's concerns and enable us to keep an emotional distance from the person or from an uncomfortable topic. By using such responses, we often are trying to make ourselves feel more comfortable, rather than truly being helpful to the other person.

The barriers to communication listed above do not always have a negative impact on communications. However, they are high-risk responses when people are interacting under stress. They tend to block the feeling of the other person, who then is less likely to express his or her true feelings in a constructive way. Rather than fostering understanding, they may diminish the other's self-esteem, or foster resentment, defensiveness, withdrawal or dependency in the other, and inhibit their problem solving ability. Unfortunately, it has been estimated that people use these responses 90% of the time when they are discussing a problem or need.

In the next article in this series, we will discuss effective responses to substitute for the above barriers. The essence of good communication is understanding each other's meaning which requires effective listening. And that is where we will begin.

Sources: Robert Bolton, People Skills, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979). Thomas Gordon, Parent Effectiveness Training: The "No-Lose" Program for Raising Responsible Children (New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1970).