Cross-border Agreements into India: The Arbitration Clause
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Disputing Blog by Karl Bayer, Victoria VanBuren, and Holly Hayes July 2012 |
Cross-border agreements into India – the arbitration clause International agreements in most cases will include an arbitration clause, setting out the governing law of the contract and the seat of arbitration. When dealing with an Indian party, this may not entirely prevent litigation before the Indian courts, since judicial intervention in Indian courts could still occur unless specific language excluding the operation of Part 1 of the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (the Act), which contained the provision for appointment of arbitrators, is drafted into the agreement.
The Indian Supreme Court in Bhatia International v Bulk Trading SA(2002) 4 SCC 105 held that Part 1 of the Act applied not just to arbitrations with their seat in India, but also to arbitrations taking place outside India involving an Indian party, unless the parties expressly or impliedly excluded all or any of its provisions. This position was affirmed by the Indian Supreme Court in Venture Global Engineering v Satyam Computer Ltd (2008) 4 SCC 190.
Winds of Change?
In 2010 (Dozco India Private Limited v Doosan Infracore Company Limited Arbitration Petition No 5 of 2008), the Indian Supreme Court heard a petition where the Indian party sought its intervention in appointing an arbitrator in a cross-border agreement which had provided for arbitration under the ICC Arbitration Rules with the governing law of The Republic of Korea and the seat of arbitration in Seoul. The agreement had not specifically excluded the application of Part 1 of the Act.
The petitioner contended that since Part 1 of the Act was not ‘expressly’ or ‘impliedly’ excluded by the parties in the agreement, it continued to apply even if it was an arbitration to be conducted outside India and governed by foreign law. The Supreme Court therefore had to interpret the arbitration clause and decide whether it was clear from the language of that clause that it expressly excluded Part I of the Act.
The Indian Supreme Court held that the language in the arbitration clause was sufficiently clear to exclude Part 1 of the Act and therefore did not appoint an arbitrator. It further held that the law laid down in the above two cases did not apply to this case. It appears to us that as long as there is clear language which excludes Part 1 of the Act, the Indian courts are unlikely to intervene in relation to applications filed before it under Part 1 of the Act.
Conclusion
2000-2010 saw several interventions by Indian courts in international arbitrations contrary to the principle of minimum judicial intervention in arbitration embodied in the Act. Whilst the Dozco judgement is a welcome change, we would still advocate that when drafting an arbitration clause it should have clear language excluding Part 1 of the Act to avoid satellite litigation in the Indian courts. As Mr Fali Nariman, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India and President Emeritus, Bar Association of India, said in a speech earlier this year, ‘the Act must be brought back into conformity with the letter and spirit of the [UNCITRAL] model law which inspired it’.
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Biography
Victoria VanBuren holds a B.B.A. in Finance from Southern Methodist University and a J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law. She focuses on intellectual property law and arbitration. Known as a "worker bee," she is an active legal blogger and is currently pursuing a degree in computer science. Prior to joining the team at Karl Bayer, Victoria worked at a boutique intellectual property law firm in Austin. She is well versed in computer hardware and programming languages: Assembly, C/C++, HTML, XHTML, XML, Perl, JavaScript, and PHP.
While in law school, Victoria was a Graduate Research Assistant for Professor John S. Dzienkowski, from The University of Texas at Austin. She was responsible for selecting cases for inclusion in the textbook International Petroleum Transactions. Victoria was particularly involved in researching the areas of international business litigation and arbitration. She also performed extensive research on political and economic risks within the context of international licensing agreements.
Having lived and studied in Mexico, Canada, and the U.S., Victoria brings a unique perspective to Karl Bayer. Right after high school, Victoria moved to Canada to study English and French. Born and raised in Mexico, she is a native Spanish speaker and a graduate of the Monterrey Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnologico y the Estudios Superiores de Monterrey), where she concentrated in Physics and Mathematics.
Professional Activities
- American Bar Association, Young Lawyers
- American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA)
- Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN)
- National Hispanic Bar Association (NHBA)
- State Bar of Texas, Intellectual Property
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